Accommodation and Refractive Errors

Introduction

• Summary and illustration of Schachar's theory of accommodation

Mechanism of accommodation (Schachar's theory)

1. R. A. Schachar, T. D. Black, D. P. Cudmore, C. Tello, J.M. Liebman, R. Ritch, In vivo increase of the human lens equator during accommodation, (in press)
2. R. A. Schachar, T. D. Black, D. P. Cudmore, Variable focus lens by small displacements of the equatorial lens diameter, (in press)
3. R. A. Schachar, D. A. Anderson, The mechanism of ciliary muscle function, Annals of Ophthalmology 1995, 27(3):126-132
4. R. A. Schachar, The mechanism of Accommodation and Presbyopia in the Primate, Annals of Ophthalmology 1995, 27(2):58-67
5. R. A. Schachar, Zonular function: a new hypothesis with clinical implications, Annals of Ophthalmology 1994, 26:36-38
6. R. A. Schachar, The effect of gravity on the amplitude of accommodation, Annals of Ophthalmology 1994, 26:65-70
7. R. A. Schachar, D. P. Cudmore, R. Torti, T. D. Black, T. Huang, A Physical Model Demonstrating Schachar's Hypothesis of Accommodation, Annals of Ophthalmology 1994, 26:4-9
8. R. A. Schachar, Pathophysiology of accommodation and presbyopia: understanding the clinical impications, Journal of Florida Medical Association 1994, 81:268-271
9. R. A. Schachar, T. Huang, X. Huang, Mathematic proof of Schachar's hypothesis of accommodation, Annals of Ophthalmology 1993, 25:5-9
10. R. A. Schachar, D. P. Cudmore, T. D. Black, Experimental support for Schachar's hypothesis of accommodation, Annals of Ophthalmology 1993, 25:404-409
11. R. A. Schachar, Cause and Treatment of Presbyopia With a Method for Increasing the Amplitude of Accommodation, Annals of Ophthalmology 1992, 24:445-452

Accommodative hysteresis

1. S. M. Ebenholtz, Accommodative hysteresis as a function of target-dark focus separation, Vision Research 1992, 32(5):925-929
2. S. M. Ebenholtz, Accommodation hysteresis: Fundamental asymmetry in decay role after near and far focusing, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1991, 32:148-153
3. S. M. Ebenholtz, Long-term endurance of adaptive shifts in tonic accommodation, Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics 1988, 8:427-431
4. S. M. Ebenholtz, Accommodative hysteresis: Relation to resting focus, American Journal of Optometry & Physiological Optics 1985, 622:755-762
5. S. M. Ebenholtz, Accommodative Hysteresis: A Precursor for Induced Myopia ?, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1983, 24:513-515

Structure of the accomodative apparatus

1. P. N. Farnsworth, P.Burke, Three-dimensional Architecture of the Suspensory Apparatus of the lens of the Rhesus Monkey, Experimental Eye Research 1977, 25:563-576
2. B. Patknaik A photographic study of accommodative mechanisms: Changes in the lens nucleus during accommodation Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 1967, 6:601-611.

Myopia

1. R. McCollim, Artificially-induced High Myopia and the Mechanism of Accommodation (complete paper can be found in Medical Hypotheses, March 1989. Author can be reached at <mccollim@ix.netcom.com> )
2. B. Curtin, The Myopias , Philadelphia: Harper & Row, 1985
3. W. Lancaster, Refraction and Motility , Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1952; 115-116)
4. Y. Kikkawa and T. Sato, Elastic properties of the lens, Experimental Eye Research 1963, 2:210-215
5. S. Kabe, Dynamic aspects of accommodation . Rinsho Ganka (Japan Journal of Clinical Opthalmology) 1967, 21:341-352

Model of accommodation

1. G. K. Hung, Adaptation model of accommodation and vergence, Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics 1992, 12:319-326
2. F. M. Toates, A model of accommodation, Vision Research 1970, 10:1069-1076

Previous theories of accommodation

1. D. J. Coleman, Unified model for accomodative mechanism, American Journal of Ophthalmology 1970, 69(6):1063-1079
2. E. F. Fincham The Mechanism of Accommodation, British Journal of Ophthalmology 8 (Supple.) 1937.